There are probably three basic dietary prescriptions for health and fitness. These apply to athletes and non athletes alike. They are:
- Maintain a healthy body weight by adjusting food intake and exercise.
- Eat less fat and specifically less saturated fats, such as those fats found in animal products and tropical oils.
- Increase intake of total carbohydrate, especially complex carbohydrate.
For most athletes, increased energy should come from the vegetable group and the cereal group (bread, chapatti, rice, pasta, etc). Foods in these two groups contain a lot of starch, which is an excellent source of food energy.
Food such as butter, margarine, oil, fried foods, sweets, desserts, jams and jellies, should be used sparingly. Though these foods provide energy, go easy on them and get your energy from foods that are more nutritious.
Do athletes have special nutrient needs?
Increased physical activity increases some of your food needs. You require more energy, water, and possibly salt (sodium chloride). Increased physical activity also increases requirements of other nutrients like riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. These requirements are met through a well balanced diet. Supplements are no substitute to a good diet.
Water lost through sweating is not easily replaced. Low water-intake during strenuous physical activity leads to dehydration, which can lead to fatigue, heatstroke, and death. Replacement water should never be restricted during activity. Moderate amounts of water taken frequently before, during, and after the activity prevent this problem.
How much liquid should be ingested? When?
The amount of fluid required is dependent upon how much sweat will be lost during physical activity. Activity in hot, humid environments will require more liquid intake to maintain performance. Two hours prior to event drink 2 glasses of water or juice diluted by half with water. Half an hour prior to event drink 1glass of water - at this point fruit juice should probably be avoided since it contains fructose, a sugar known to increase complaints of stomach upset. During vigorous activity most people can tolerate ½ to ¾ glass of beverage every 20 minutes.
Salt needs can be met by increased use of salt on food. The use of salt tablets is not recommended. Salt tablets can cause stomach cramps. The tablets hold water in the stomach longer and can actually cause water to be pulled back into the intestinal tract and away from body tissues where the water is needed most.
What should the athlete eat before a game?
Before a game, your digestive processes may be slowed down by your keyed-up emotional state. To allow for this condition, you should eat an easily digestible meal no later than three hours before the contest. Avoid food that contain substantial amounts of fats or oils. Meals high in starches are better because they are digested more rapidly than fats or oils.
Some athletes prefer poached egg + toast + juice as a pre-game meal. Some prefer breakfast cereal + low-fat milk or a combination of rice + moong dal + juice. Avoid sugary foods such as candy or honey before a contest. Sweets can cause rapid swings in blood-sugar levels and result in low blood sugar and less energy.
Although the pre-game meal won't cause large increases in muscle glycogen, it will –
- Help avoid hunger during the event
- Stabilize blood-sugar levels and add some food energy to complement existing energy stores of muscle glycogen
- Hydrate the body
- Provide a relatively empty stomach at game time
- Prevent gastrointestinal upset or other adverse reactions to food
No one pre-game meal is right for every athlete or every event, but some food choices are much smarter than others. Eat the meal at least three hours before an event to ensure digestion before the event. - Choose a meal that's high in starch. Starch is easy to digest and helps steady the levels of blood sugar.
- Consume only moderate amounts of protein. Protein foods take longer to digest than starch.
- Limit fats and oils. They take too long to digest.
- Restrict sugary foods. Sweets can cause rapid energy swings in blood sugar levels and result in low blood sugar and less energy.
- Avoid foods and drinks that contain caffeine. Caffeine stimulates the body to increase urine output, which can contribute to dehydration problems, and a full bladder can be very uncomfortable.
- Watch out for foods that produce gas. Certain raw vegetables, fruits, or pulses may cause problems for some athletes.
- Within these guidelines, choose foods you like to eat.
- Remember to drink plenty of fluids with your pre-game meal.
Foods to Avoid:
Candy, sugar, honey, sweets, chocolates, ice-creams
After an initial rise, your blood-sugar level can actually drop below normal, resulting in a sudden feeling of tiredness or fatigue.
Tea, coffee, chocolate, cola
Caffeine consumption leads to dehydration.
Fried foods, high-fat meats, fats, oils, oily gravies, sour cream, etc.
Fat digests slowly and therefore stays in the stomach longer.
Fruits, raw vegetables, popcorn, nuts, whole pulses
Some of these foods may cause gas and/or an uncomfortable feeling of fullness during the game. An athlete needs to avoid the foods that cause problems.
Any new food
Don't experiment with new foods right before an event. If you experience any adverse reactions, your body has little time to recover.
Fruit-flavored drinks
Many drinks contain little fruit juice and a lot of sugar. Read the label.
The best pre-game strategy is to eat a meal, which contains about 100 grams of carbohydrate 3-4 hours prior to event.
What should the athlete eat after the game?
Eating high carbohydrate foods after physical activity enhances glycogen storage. Since people are usually not hungry immediately following physical activity, a glass of fruit juice + a banana may be preferred. If an active person does feel hungry after an event, then foods high in carbohydrate, moderate in protein, and low in fat, fiber are the ones to choose - the same ones recommended prior to competition. Food high in protein and fat should be avoided during the first few hours after activity as these food may suppress hunger and thus limit carbohydrate intake.
Health precautions and advice
- The event organizers recommend that a marathon be attempted only after a period of regular running, including three months directed toward long-distance training.
- On the day of the race it is important to take adequate fluids before and after the race.
- Do not wear new shoes or clothes as they will tend to cause chaffing and blisters.
- If you have been unwell in the 48 hours leading up to the event or if you are recovering from a viral infection, do not attempt to run. You must retire if you feel distressed, disoriented or are asked to do so by an official.
- If you answer yes to any of the following questions we strongly suggest you seek medical approval prior to running a marathon:
- Do you have a history of high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes or asthma?
- Do you smoke?
- Are you 15% or more over the ideal weight for your height?
- Have you been running for less than a year and are aged 35 years or over?
(DISCLAIMER : The information found in the website is of general nature only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional health advice and no person should act in reliance on any statement contained in the information provided and at all times should obtain specific advice from professional medical practitioners should they require medical help or assistance.)
















